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Calorimetry & Thermodynamics

Calorimetry – Lecture

10 Topics

P15-010 – Thermal Equilibrium: the zeroth law

P15-020 – Temperature Scales

P15-030 – Thermal Expansion of Solids

P15-040 – Phase Change of a Pure Compound

P15-050 – Heat

P15-060 – Calorimetry

P15-070 – Specific Heat & Latent Heat

P15-080 – Heat Transfer: Conduction

P15-090 – Heat Transfer: Convection

P15-100 – Heat Transfer: Radiation

Calorimetry – Problems

9 Topics

P15B2015 – Alcohol Thermometer

P15R2015 – Conduction Through Different Slabs

P15G2017 – Water Vapor and Ice

P15R2015 – Cooling of a Metal Disk

P15R2015 – Heating an Ice Cube

P15R2020 – Whiskey on the Rocks

P15G2016 – Ice Cube in Water

P15R2009 – Magic Shell

P15G2018 – Composition of Final Mixture

Kinetic Theory – Lecture

9 Topics

P16-010 – Ideal Gas Law

PNC-16-020 – Kinetic Theory of the Monatomic Ideal Gas

PNC-16-030 – Kinetic Pressure & Kinetic Temperature

P16-040 – RMS Speed & Kinetic Energy

P16-050 – Mean Free Path

PNC-16-060 – Maxwell Speed Distribution

P16-070 – Degrees of Freedom

P16-080 – Kinetic Theory of the Polyatomic Ideal Gas

P16-090 – Molar Specific Heats of an Ideal Gas

Kinetic Theory – Problems

3 Topics

P16B2015 – Gas in a 2D Space

P16B2014 – Molecular Speed Distribution

P16S2012 – Comparing RMS Velocities

First Law – Lecture

18 Topics

P17-010 – Thermodynamic Transformations of a System

P17-020 – PV Diagram & Processes

P17-030 – Internal Energy

P17-040 – First Law of Thermodynamics

PNC-17-050 – Work Done by an Ideal Gas

P17-060 – Heat Transfer for an Ideal Gas

P17-070 – Free Expansion

P17-080 – Thermal Devices

P17-090 – Heat Engine

P17-100 – Efficiency of a Heat Engine

P17-110 – Carnot Cycle

P17-120 – Otto Cycle

P17-130 – Diesel Cycle

P17-140 – Brayton Cycle

P17-150 – Stirling Cycle

P17-160 – Refrigerators & Heat Pumps

P17-170 – Coefficient of Performance of a Refrigerator

P17-180 – Coefficient of Performance of a Heat Pump

First Law – Problems

15 Topics

P17G2007 – Ideal Gas in a Cylinder

P17R2015 – Final Height of a Piston

P17R2015 – Gas Compression

P17R2015 – Cylinder with Moving Piston

P17G2007 – Work and Heat over a Cycle

P17B2017 – Cyclic Process

P17G2008 – Mystery Process

P17G2016 – Thermodynamic Cycle

P17G2017 – Three-Step Cycle

P17G2018 – Heat Transfer over a Cycle

P17G2019 – Cycle with Linear Segment

P17G2015 – Cycle of a Monatomic Gas

P17B2018 – Heat Engine and Square Cycle

P17L2015 – Solar Energy for Air Conditioning

P17R2015 – Engine or Refrigerator

Second Law – Lecture

7 Topics

P18-010 – Entropy

PNC-18-020 – Entropy Change of a Reversible Process

PNC-18-030 – Relating P, V, and T for an Isentropic Process

P18-040 – Second Law of Thermodynamics for an Isolated System

PNC-18-050 – TS Diagram

PNC-18-060 – Entropy Change of a Free Expansion

P18-070 – Statistical Interpretation of Entropy

Second Law – Problems

6 Topics

P18L2015 – Entropy Calculations

P18G2008 – Water Condensation & Entropy Change

P18R2015 – Ice Cube in Lake

P18R2015 – Gibbs Theorem

P18B2016 – Entropy Changes over a Cycle

P18S2014 – TS Diagram of an Ideal Gas

Electric Fields & Electric Potential

Electric Fields – Lecture

10 Topics

P19-010 – Introduction to Electric Charge

P19-020 – Electric Charge

P19-030 – Electric Fields & Electric Field Lines

P19-040 – Principle of Superposition

P19-050 – Electric Field & Symmetry

P19-060 – Electric Field Created by a Point Charge

P19-070 – Electric Force

P19-080 – Electric Force between Two Point Charges: Coulomb’s Law

P19-140 – Electric Dipole in a Uniform Electric Field

P19-150 – Application: dielectric materials

Electric Fields – Problems

8 Topics

P19B2015 – Plastic Plate & Charged Ball

P19R2015 – Turning Around in E

P19R2015 – Projectile Motion Through E

P19B2015 – Plastic Balls & Fur

P19R2016 – Balancing Act

P19B2016 – Charged Plate & Point Charge

P19R2015 – Three Point Charge Distribution

P19L2013 – Two Electric Dipoles

Gauss’s Law – Lecture

10 Topics

P20-010 – Useful Definitions

PNC-20-020 – Electric Flux

P20-030 – How Electric Flux Varies

PNC-20-040 – Classic Computations of Electric Flux

PNC-20-045 – Gauss’s Law

PNC-20-050 – Gauss’s Law: infinite line of charge

PNC-20-060 – Gauss’s Law: infinite cylinder of charge

PNC-20-070 – Gauss’s Law: infinite sheet of charge

PNC-20-080 – Gauss’s Law: solid sphere of charge

P20-090 – Electric Field at the Surface of a Conductor

Gauss’s Law – Problems

6 Topics

P20B2017 – Infinite Wire of Unknown Charge

P20R2015 – Infinite Slab of Charge (NC)

P20B2015 – Spherical Off-Center Cavity (NC)

P20R2015 – Spherical Metallic Shell (NC)

P20B2015 – Overlapping Spheres

P20B2018 – Charged Wire and Point Charge

Electric Potential – Lecture

11 Topics

P21-010 – Conceptual Introduction to Electric Potential

P21-020 – Electric Potential Created by a Charge Distribution

PNC-21-040 – Electric Potential Difference: voltage

P21-050 – Electric Potential & Electric Potential Energy

P21-060 – Relationship Between Electric Field and Electric Potential

P21-070 – Principle of Superposition

P21-080 – Equipotentials

P21-090 – Electric Potential Created by a Point Charge

P21-150 – Electric Potential at the Surface of a Conductor

P21-160 – Electronvolt and Conservation of Energy

P21-170 – Electrostatic Energy of a System of Point Charges

Electric Potential – Problems

9 Topics

P21B2015 – E & V of Three Charges

P21R2015 – Electrostatics of Three Point Charges

Connecting Spheres

P21B2014 – Four Point Charges

P21B2019 – Two Charged Particles

P21R2015 – Shooting an Electron Toward a Capacitor (NC)

P21B2016 – Electrostatic Oscillator

P21B2017 – Two and Three Point Charges

P21R2015 – Work and Potential Energy

Circuits & Components

Capacitors – Lecture

6 Topics

P22-010 – Capacitors and Capacitance

PNC-22-020 – Parallel-Plate Capacitor

P22-050 – Capacitors in Parallel

P22-060 – Capacitors in Series

P22-070 – Energy Stored in a Capacitor

P22-080 – Effect of a Dielectric Between Capacitor Plates

Capacitors – Problems

9 Topics

P22R2015 – Conceptual Questions About Capacitors

P22B2018 – Sequence with Parallel Plates

P22B2015 – Charge Moving in a Capacitor

P22B2017 – Miscellaneous Capacitor Questions

P22B2019 – Charge Traveling Between Parallel Plates

P22R2015 – Electrons & Protons in a Capacitor

P22B2014 – Study of a Parallel Plate Capacitor (NC)

P22B2015 – Storing Charge in Capacitors

P22S2013 – Equivalent Capacitance

DC Circuits – Lecture

15 Topics

P23-010 – Electric Current

PNC-23-020 – Current Density

P23-030 – Drift Velocity

P23-040 – Resistivity and Conductivity

PNC-23-050 – Circuit Component: the resistor

P23-060 – Assembling Resistors in Parallel and Series

P23-070 – Circuit Component: the capacitor

P23-080 – Assembling Capacitors in Parallel and Series

P23-090 – Circuit Component: the battery

P23-100 – Generator Convention & Receptor Convention

P23-110 – Kirchhoff’s Laws

P23-120 – Electric Power

PNC-23-130 – The RC Circuit

P23-140 – Short-Term and Long-Term Behavior

P23-150 – Time Constant of the RC Circuit

DC Circuits – Problems

16 Topics

P23B2013 – Of Drift Velocity

P23B2014 – Brightness of Bulbs

P23B2015 – Monitoring Liquid He Levels

P23B2016 – Three Resistors, Three Batteries

P23B2018 – Circuit with Bulbs

P23B2018 – Power Supplied or Consumed

P23R2015 – Equivalent Resistance

P23R2017 – Two Circuits

P23B2019 – Two Loops & a Shared Resistor

P23B2014 – Charge & Energy in Capacitors

P23B2015 – Power & Charge

P23S2017 – Resistors & Capacitors

P23B2016 – Two RC Circuits

P23B2017 – Equivalent Capacitor & Resistor

P23B2019 – Multiple Rs and Cs

P23R2016 – RC Circuit with a Switch

Magnetism & Induction

Magnetism – Lecture

16 Topics

P24-010 – Phenomenon

P24-020 – Magnetic Field & Magnetic Field Lines

P24-030 – Magnetic Field & Symmetry

P24-040 – Principle of Superposition

P24-050 – Reminder: cross product of two vectors

P24-060 – Magnetic Force on a Moving Point Charge

P24-070 – Magnetic Force on a Current

P24-080 – Motion of Charged Particles through B

P24-090 – The Lorentz Force

PNC-24-100 – Biot-Savart Law

PNC-24-150 – Ampere’s Law

PNC-24-160 – Ampere’s Law: infinite wire of current

PNC-24-170 – Ampere’s Law: infinite slab of current

PNC-24-180 – Ampere’s Law: infinite solenoid

PNC-24-190 – Ampere’s Law: toroid with current

P24-200 – Magnetic Dipole

Magnetism – Problems

12 Topics

P24B2016 – Charge Moving Between Wires

P24R2015 – Linear Motion Through E and B

P24B2015 – Two Vertical Wires

P24B2019 – Charged Wire and Moving Charge

P24S2017 – E and B Fields from an Infinite Wire

P24B2017 – Forces on a Current

P24R2015 – Two Parallel Wires

Force on Current-Carrying Wires

P24S2017 – Suspended Wire of Current

P24B2013 – B-Field Created by Three Wires

P24R2015 – Hollow Cylindrical Conductor (NC)

P24B2018 – Two Wires then Three

Induction – Lecture

19 Topics

P25-010 – Phenomenon

PNC-25-020 – Motional EMF: moving rod

PNC-25-030 – Motional EMF: conducting loop

PNC-25-040 – Magnetic Flux

P25-050 – How Magnetic Flux Varies

PNC-25-060 – Classic Computations of Magnetic Flux

P25-070 – Lenz’s Law

PNC-25-080 – Faraday’s Law

PNC-25-090 – Faraday’s Law: conducting ring in time dependent B

PNC-25-100 – Faraday’s Law: conducting rod on parallel rails

PNC-25-110 – Faraday’s Law: rotating conducting loop

PNC-25-120 – Mutual Inductance & Self-Inductance

P25-140 – Circuit Component: inductor

P25-150 – Energy Stored in an Inductor

PNC-25-170 – The RL Circuit

P25-180 – Short-Term & Long-Term Behavior

P25-190 – Time Constant of the RL Circuit

PNC-25-200 – Assembling Inductors in Parallel

PNC-25-210 – Assembling Inductors in Series

Induction – Problems

8 Topics

P25R2015 – Jumping Ring

P25B2015 – Tilted Coil

P25R2016 – Loop Traveling Through B

P25R2015 – Rod on Rails

RL Circuit Behavior

P25B2015 – Two Competing Inductors

P25R2015 – Behavior of an Inductor with Time

P25R2015 – Mutual & Self-Inductance

EM Waves – Lecture

9 Topics

P27-020 – Maxwell’s Equations

P27-030 – EM Waves

P27-040 – EM Wave Spectrum

P27-050 – Properties of EM Waves

P27-060 – Energy Density of Electric and Magnetic Fields

P27-070 – Poynting Vector and Intensity

P27-080 – Radiation Pressure

P27-090 – Polarization of EM Waves

P27-100 – Malus’s Law

EM Waves – Problems

8 Topics

P27R2016 – Electromagnetic Wave

P27B2016 – Satellite Signal

P27B2015 – Light Shined Through Polarizers

P27R2015 – Two Polarizers in Series

P27R2015 – Three Polarizers in Series

P27B2018 – Polarized Light & Polarizers

P27B2019 – Polarized Light From a Laser

P27R2017 – Laser and Polarizers

EM Waves & Optics

Optics – Lecture

28 Topics

P28-010 – Linear Propagation of Light and the Ray Model

P28-020 – Index of Refraction

P28-030 – Change in Medium

P28-040 – Dispersion

P28-050 – Law of Reflection

P28-060 – Refraction & Snell’s Law

P28-070 – Total Internal Reflection

P28-080 – Brewster’s Law

P28-090 – Object Distance, Image Distance, Real & Virtual Images

P28-100 – Magnification

P28-110 – Plane Mirrors & Ray Tracing

P28-120 – Spherical Mirrors

P28-130 – Ray Tracing Rules for Spherical Mirrors

P28-140 – Principal Rays for Concave Mirrors

P28-150 – Principal Rays for Convex Mirrors

P28-160 – Mirror Equation

P28-170 – Magnification of Spherical Mirrors

P28-180 – Thin Lenses

P28-190 – Ray Tracing Rules for Thin Lenses

P28-200 – Principal Rays for Converging Lenses

P28-210 – Principal Rays for Diverging Lenses

P28-220 – Lens Equation

P28-230 – Magnification for Thin Lenses

P28-240 – Assembling Two Lenses Together

P28-260 – Images Formed by Refracting Surfaces

P28-270 – The Lensmaker’s Equation

P28-280 – The Human Eye

P28-290 – The Magnifying Glass

Optics – Problems

15 Topics

P28B2018 – Reflections Off of Various Surfaces

P28R2015 – Reflections Off of a Corner Mirror

P28R2015 – Fishing and Optics

P28B2019 – Light Traveling Through a Prism

P28B2013 – Reflection & Refraction with Flint

P28B2014 – Transmission and Reflection of Laser Light

P28B2015 – Ice Fishing

P28B2016 – Ray Tracing

P28B2017 – In and Out of a Prism

P28R2015 – Combining a DV Lens and a CV Lens

P28R2015 – Combining a DV Lens and a CV Mirror

P28B2013 – Combining Flat-Sided Lenses

P28B2014 – Image of a Candle on the Wall

P28B2017 – Candle, Mirrors, Lenses

P28R2015 – Two Lenses

Interf & Diffraction – Lecture

14 Topics

P29-001 – Principle of Superposition

P29-002 – Constructive & Destructive Interference

P29-003 – Conditions for Constructive & Destructive Interference

P29-010 – Coherent Source

P29-020 – Huygens Principle

P29-030 – Double-Slit Interference: Young’s experiment

P29-040 – Phase Shift Upon Reflection

P29-050 – Thin-Film Interference

P29-060 – Diffraction Condition

P29-070 – Single-Slit Diffraction

P29-080 – Double-Slit Diffraction

P29-090 – Diffraction Grating

P29-100 – Diffraction by a Circular Aperture

P29-110 – Rayleigh’s Criterion

Interf & Diffraction – Problems

12 Topics

P29B2016 – Photon Interference. vs. Electron Diffraction

P29R2015 – Delaying Light

P29B2009 – Alien Skin Interference

P29R2017 – Of Thin Films

P29S2017 – Observing a Thin Oil Layer

P29B2015 – Interference with Blue and Orange Light

P29B2016 – Film Interference with Blue and Orange Light

P29R2017 – Double Slit Diffraction

P29S2017 – Diffraction in Air and in Fluid

P29B2014 – Diffraction with Blue and Orange Light

P29B2014 – Autopsy of a Giant Alien

P29B2015 – Resolving Traffic Lights

Modern Physics

Nuclear Physics – Lecture

9 Topics

P30-010 – Nuclear Structure

P30-020 – Nuclear Radius and Mass Density

P30-030 – Nuclear Mass and Unified Mass Unit

P30-040 – Mass Defect and Binding Energy

P30-050 – Nuclear Force and Nuclear Stability

P30-060 – Different Types of Decay

PNC-30-070 – Radioactivity and Decay Units

P30-080 – Nuclear Reactions

P30-090 – Nuclear Reaction Energy

Nuclear Physics – Problems

11 Topics

P30B2015 – Mystery Nucleus

P30B2016 – Silicon-Based Alien

P30R2015 – Energy of Fission Reaction

P30R2015 – Radioactive Americium-241

P30S2014 – Decay Chain of Uranium

P30B2014 – Mossbauer Spectrometry

P30B2014 – Cesium and Rubidium

P30B2015 – Autopsy of an Alien

P30B2019 – Calcium 39 Decay

P30R2015 – A Decaying Sample of Uranium-235

P30R2015 – Iodine-131 in Milk

Quantum – Lecture

13 Topics

P31-010 – The Photoelectric Effect

P31-020 – The Photon and the Compton Shift

P31-030 – Blackbody Radiation Revisited

P31-040 – Line Spectra & Energy Levels

P31-050 – Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom

P31-060 – Bohr Radii

P31-070 – Energy Levels of the Hydrogen Atom

P31-080 – Balmer’s Formula for the Hydrogen Spectrum

P31-090 – Bohr’s Model for Hydrogen-like Atoms

P31-100 – Applied Science: the laser

P31-110 – Electron Diffraction & de Broglie Wavelength

P31-120 – The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

P31-130 – Schrödinger’s Equation & Wavefunctions

Quantum – Problems

18 Topics

P31B2014 – Of Sodium

P31R2016 – The Photoelectric Effect

P31B2019 – Calcium & Photoelectric Effect

P31R2015 – Photoelectric Effect in Cs & Al

P31R2015 – Excited States of Hydrogen

P31B2015 – Hypothetical Atom

P31B2016 – Hypothetical Multi-Electron System

P31B2019 – Hydrogen Lamp and Spectrum

P31B2015 – Electron Diffraction

P31R2015 – Kinetic Energy of Particles

P31R2015 – Sunlight & Photons

P31S2018 – Alternate Bohr Model

P31B2014 – Electron in an Infinite Potential Well

P31B2015 – Infinite Potential Well with an Electron

P31B2009 – Alien Vision

P31B2014 – Finite Potential Well

P31B2009 – Miscellaneous Quantum Questions

P31B2016 – Quantum Questions

Relativity – Lecture

7 Topics

P32-010 – Invariance of Physical Laws

P32-020 – Relativity of Simultaneity

P32-030 – The Lorentz Factor

P32-040 – Time Dilation

P32-050 – Length Contraction

P32-060 – Relativistic Velocity Addition

P32-070 – Relativistic Momentum, Energy, Rest Energy

Relativity – Practice Problems

10 Topics

P32R2015 – Length of a Spaceship

P32P2015 – Relativity Questions

P32P2015 – Radioactive Relativistic Particle

P32P2016 – Approaching Spaceships

P32P2019 – Lifetime of a Decaying Particle

P32P2019 – Speeding Rocket Ship

P32R2015 – Detecting Muons

P32R2015 – Of Length Contraction

P32R2015 – Moving Meter Stick

P32S2013 – Racing Spaceships

P19-070 – Electric Force

Physics II for Life Science Majors Electric Fields – Lecture P19-070 – Electric Force

Definition: electric force

A charge $q$ placed in an electric field $\overrightarrow{E}$ experiences an electric force ${\overrightarrow{F}}_E$ given by

\boxed{{\overrightarrow{F}}_E=q\overrightarrow{E}}

The electric force acting on a positive charge $q_1$ points in the same direction as the electric field $\overrightarrow{E}$.

The electric force acting on a negative charge $-q_2$ points in the direction opposite $\overrightarrow{E}$.

Note: if instead of a positive point charge $q$ you consider a negative point charge $-q$, then the formula becomes

\boxed{{\overrightarrow{F}}_E=-q\overrightarrow{E}}

where the negative sign can be interpreted as the direction of ${\overrightarrow{F}}_E$ being opposite that of $\overrightarrow{E}$. Thus, the same formula conveniently applies for both positive and negative point charges.

Note: a point charge $q$ CANNOT feel the electric field that it creates. It can only experience the electric force if it is placed in an electric field created by some other charge distribution!